Mesopotamia was also home to the world’s first urban cities, including Babylon, Ashur and Akkad.
The culture that grew up between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is noted for important advancements in literacy, astronomy, agriculture, law, astronomy, mathematics, architecture and more, despite near-constant warfare. Meaning “between two rivers” in Greek, Mesopotamia (located in modern-day Iraq, Kuwait and Syria) is considered the birthplace of civilization. Here’s a look at six of the earliest civilizations-and the legacies they left to the world. “A great many of the details of modern life, not just in the Middle East and the West, but across the world, have origins that go back for thousands of years to the ancient cultures in their respective regions,” says Amanda Podany, author and professor emeritus of history at California State Polytechnic University. These ancient complex societies, starting with Mesopotamia, formed cultural and technological advances, several of which are still present today. While modern civilizations extend to every continent except Antarctica, most scholars place the earliest cradles of civilizations-in other words, where civilizations first emerged-in modern-day Iraq, Egypt, India, China, Peru and Mexico, beginning between approximately 40 B.C.
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